The factors that affect biodiversity are becoming increasingly acute, creating repercussions that extend from local ecosystems to the global stage. From the dense mangrove forests of the Sundarbans in India and Bangladesh to the snowy peaks of Japan’s northern islands, Asia stands out as one of the most biodiverse regions on the planet. Yet, this abundance faces mounting threats from rapid economic development, urban expansion and the intensifying impacts of climate change.
What Is Biodiversity?
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth, encompassing differences at the genetic, species and ecosystem levels. This range of life creates the basis of ecological resilience. When environments support a broad mix of species, they can better withstand disturbances, such as storms, temperature shifts or diseases. A drop in biodiversity destabilises habitats and weakens the networks of life that provide humans with food, clean water and healthy soil.
The WWF’s 2020 Living Planet Report points to a startling decline in global wildlife populations, like the 68% drop in monitored vertebrate species between 1970 and 2016. In Asia, deforestation and habitat loss have accelerated species declines.
The Connection Between Biodiversity and Climate Change
Climate change magnifies these threats by altering habitats faster than many species can adapt. For example, rising sea levels threaten low-lying coastal areas in nations like Bangladesh, while warmer ocean temperatures trigger coral bleaching events that kill reefs vital for fisheries and tourism. As rainfall patterns become unpredictable, certain plants and animals are forced to migrate to regions where the climate is more suitable, while those unable to move or adapt risk extinction.
Furthermore, warmer conditions can also increase the spread of pests and diseases, putting both ecosystems and agricultural lands under strain. In this way, climate change and biodiversity loss are interconnected challenges, each capable of worsening the other’s consequences.
Key Factors Affecting Biodiversity
Deforestation and land-use change remain among the most pressing issues affecting biodiversity. Growing populations and intensifying agriculture lead to the clearing of forests for farmland, urban development and infrastructure projects. Parts of Southeast Asia continue to experience some of the highest deforestation rates globally, with countries like Indonesia and Myanmar converting large swaths of forest to palm oil plantations or urban centres. This habitat fragmentation makes it harder for species to find food and breed successfully.
Pollution and overexploitation further erode biodiversity. Industrial emissions pollute air and water sources, often damaging ecosystems people depend on for drinking water or fishing. Bangladesh’s textile industry, for example, has put severe pressure on local rivers, with untreated effluent harming aquatic life and affecting human communities downstream. Overfishing and the illegal wildlife trade also take a toll.
Climate extremes and sea-level rise compound these threats. The Bay of Bengal region is prone to cyclones that batter coastal habitats. As sea levels creep higher, salt water intrudes further inland, disrupting mangrove forests and freshwater ecosystems. The IPCC’s Sixth Assessment Report warns that extreme weather events are projected to increase in both frequency and intensity in much of South and Southeast Asia, putting additional stress on already vulnerable communities and wildlife.
Invasive species and disease outbreaks emerge as yet another driver of biodiversity loss, especially in countries with strong global trade links. A great case study of this risk is the apple snail in Southeast Asia. The snail is native to South America but was introduced to Asia in the 1980s and now infests rice patties. In the Philippines alone, 1.4 million hectares of rice plantations (14,000 square km) have been infested, damaging plants and reducing their yield.
The Benefits of Biodiversity for Humans
Biodiversity’s importance to humans is often overlooked until its benefits start to disappear. Healthy ecosystems supply vital services, including pollination, water purification and carbon sequestration. The economic value of these services is estimated at around USD 30 trillion annually. For example, in Indonesia, coral reefs draw tourists and act as natural barriers against storm surges, safeguarding coastal areas from erosion and flooding.
Community Livelihoods
Food security and livelihoods also hinge on biological diversity. Rural communities throughout Asia rely on a wide array of plants, animals and fish to meet basic nutritional needs and sustain local economies. Around 20% of the global population directly relies on wild species for their livelihoods.
Cultural and social values further underscore the significance of conserving biodiversity. Many Asian communities attach deep spiritual or historical importance to local species and habitats. Ecotourism, from trekking in the forests of Sumatra to exploring the coral reefs around Bali, offers both a cultural exchange and a financial incentive. In 2023, ecotourism generated USD 61 billion for the region and is projected to grow nearly 17% annually until 2030. This is a significant financial lifeline and opportunity, particularly for rural areas.
Protecting Asia’s Biodiversity For Future Generations
Preserving Asia’s massive biodiversity requires addressing the drivers that affect biodiversity – human actions. These pressures are pushing ecosystems toward critical tipping points, imperilling both wildlife and human well-being. Biodiversity underpins economic stability, food security and cultural identity, making it a key priority.
Regional efforts such as ASEAN initiatives show promise, yet broader collaboration and shared commitments remain vital. By integrating biodiversity into policy and corporate strategies, we can foster ecological resilience and economic prosperity.
Eric Koons
Writer, United States
Eric is a passionate environmental advocate that believes renewable energy is a key piece in meeting the world’s growing energy demands. He received an environmental science degree from the University of California and has worked to promote environmentally and socially sustainable practices since. Eric has worked with leading environmental organisations, such as World Resources Institute and Hitachi ABB Power Grids.
Eric is a passionate environmental advocate that believes renewable energy is a key piece in meeting the world’s growing energy demands. He received an environmental science degree from the University of California and has worked to promote environmentally and socially sustainable practices since. Eric has worked with leading environmental organisations, such as World Resources Institute and Hitachi ABB Power Grids.
